Tuesday, October 23, 2007

Abolition
Abolition is the act of formally repealing an existing practice through statutory legal means, either by making it illegal, or simply no longer allowing it to exist in any form.
Famous things that have been abolished include:
Things that are topics of debate over their possible abolition include:
A common and usually uncontroversial act of abolition is the abolition of electoral districts during redistricting.
slavery; see also: Abolitionism
the Soviet Union
alcohol; see also: prohibition
numerous monarchies
suffering
the death penalty
speciesism
abortion
firearms ownership and the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
religion
Age of Consent

Monday, October 22, 2007

Charles Martin Hall
Charles Martin Hall (December 6, 1863December 27, 1914) was an American inventor and engineer. He is best known for his invention in 1886 of an inexpensive method for producing aluminum, which became the first metal to attain widespread use since the prehistoric discovery of iron.

Biography
Charles Hall was born the son of Rev. Heman Bassett Hall and Sophronia H. Brooks in December 6, 1863 in Thompson, Ohio. He had one brother and three sisters, one of whom died in infancy. His family moved to Oberlin, Ohio in 1873, and he graduated from Oberlin High School. In 1880 he enrolled in Oberlin College, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1885. Hall was encouraged in his scientific experiments, which took place in a woodshed behind his family home, with ideas and materials from Professor of Chemistry Frank Fanning Jewett (1844-1926). The Jewett home is preserved in Oberlin as the Oberlin Heritage Center. The center features an exhibit called Aluminum: The Oberlin Connection, which includes a re-creation of Hall's 1886 woodshed experiment. The Hall House is also preserved in Oberlin, although the woodshed was demolished long ago.
The invention Hall produced the first samples of metal on February 23, 1886, after several years of intensive work. He had to fabricate most of his apparatus and prepare his chemicals, and was assisted by his older sister Julia Hall (see Craig 1986, CIM Bulletin). The basic invention involves passing an electric current through a bath of alumina dissolved in cryolite, which results in a puddle of aluminum forming in the bottom of the retort. On July 9, 1886, Hall filed for his first patent. This process was also discovered at nearly the same time by the Frenchman Paul Héroult, and it has come to be known as the Hall-Héroult process.(Asimov 1982, p. 933)
After failing to find financial backing at home, Hall went to Pittsburgh where he made contact with the noted metalurgist Alfred E. Hunt. They formed the Reduction Company of Pittsburgh which opened the first large-scale aluminum production plants. The Reduction Company later became the Aluminum Company of America, then Alcoa. Hall was a major stockholder, and became wealthy.
The Hall-Héroult process eventually resulted in reducing the price of aluminum by a factor of 200, making it affordable for many practical uses. By 1900, annual production reached about 8 thousand tons. Today, more aluminum is produced than all other non-ferrous metals combined.
Hall is considered the originator of the American spelling of aluminum. According to Oberlin College, he misspelled it on a handbill publicizing his aluminum refinement process. The process was so revolutionary, and brought the metal to such prominence, that Americans have spelled aluminum with one i since.

Recognition

US Patent - [2]Process of reducing aluminium from its fluoride salts by electrolysis -- C. M. Hall, applied 1886, granted 1889.

Sunday, October 21, 2007

Louis Dumont (anthropologist)
Louis Dumont (19111998), was a French anthropologist, associate professor at Oxford University during the 1950s, and director at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris. A specialist on the cultures and societies of India, Dumont also studied western social philosophy and ideologies. His works include Homo Hierarchicus: Essai sur le système des castes (1966), From Mandeville to Marx: The Genesis and Triumph of Economic Ideology (1977) and Essais sur l'individualisme: Une perspective anthropologique sur l'idéologie moderne (1983), in which he contrasts holism with individualism. His studies on Indian society paved the way for the development of culturological approach to the study to Indian society. The culturological approach identifies itself close to the indological approach.

Saturday, October 20, 2007


This article is about the newspaper format. For the Irish current affairs programme, see Broadsheet (Irish TV series).
Broadsheet is the largest of the various newspaper formats and is characterized by long vertical pages (typically 22 inches or more). The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a single sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of matter, from ballads to political satire. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. published in 1618.
Other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and Tabloid/Compact formats.

Description
Modern printing facilities most efficiently print broadsheet sections in multiples of eight pages (with four front pages and four back pages). The broadsheet is then cut in half during the process. Thus the newsprint rolls used are defined by the width necessary to print four front pages. The width of a newsprint roll is called its web. Thus the new 12 inch wide frontpage broadsheet newspapers in the United States use a 48-inch web newsprint roll.
With profit margins narrowing for newspapers in the wake of competition from broadcast, cable television, and the internet, newspapers are looking to standardize the size of the newsprint roll. The Wall Street Journal with its 15-inch wide frontpage was printed on 60-inch web newsprint. Early adopters in the downsizing of broadsheets initially used a 50-inch web (12½ inch front pages). However the 48-inch web is now rapidly becoming the definitive standard in the U.S. The New York Times held out on the downsizing until July 2006, saying it would stick to its 54-inch web (13½ inch front page). However, the paper adopted the narrower format beginning Monday, August 6, 2007.
The smaller newspapers also have the advantage of being easier to handle particularly among commuters.

Printing considerations
In some countries, especially the UK and USA, broadsheet newspapers are commonly perceived to be more intellectual in content than their tabloid counterparts, using their greater size to examine stories in more depth, while carrying less sensationalist and celebrity material. This distinction is most obvious on the front page: whereas tabloids tend to have a single story dominated by a headline, broadsheets allow two or more stories to be displayed, the most important at the top of the page - "above the fold." In other countries, such as Spain, a small format is the universal for newspapers - a popular, sensational press has had difficulty taking root - and the tabloid size has no such connotations.
Thus, the distinction regarding specific content is at best a generalization, and the term "tabloid" technically refers only to the paper's size. Serious newspapers in tabloid format, "El País" in Spain and others in Italy, do not make the distinction. Some tabloid-format papers (such as the Daily Mail and Daily Express in the UK) use phrases such as "broadsheet quality in a tabloid format" in an attempt to distinguish themselves from their "tabloid" reputation. In addition, broadsheets often publish supplements, such as sports reviews and less news-oriented content (e.g. the Guardian's "G2" (formerly) or the Times's "Times 2"), in tabloid format.
On the other hand, a few newspapers, such as the German Bild-Zeitung and others throughout central Europe are unashamedly tabloid in content, but still use the physical broadsheet format.

Connotations
In the UK, one major daily broadsheet is distributed nationwide, and two on a Sunday:
Other prominent UK broadsheets include The Herald and The Press and Journal, which are not true national newspapers, as they are mostly distributed in Scotland. The Financial Times is also printed and sold in other countries; as the British equivalent of the Wall Street Journal, it lends its most detailed attention to financial news. These UK broadsheet have been used for Millwall bricks.
The average circulation of the Times is around 656,000 and the Telegraph sells 908,000 copies daily, while the circulations of the Guardian and Independent, both of them previously published in broadsheet format, are approximately 380,000 and 240,000. The Financial Times sells over 440,000 copies, the Scotsman approximately 70,000 (all figures July 2006).

The Daily Telegraph/Sunday Telegraph; broadly right-wing
The Sunday Times ("The Times" is now a tabloid / compact); both are broadly centre-right UK broadsheets
In 2003 The Independent started concurrent production of both broadsheet and tabloid ("compact") editions, carrying exactly the same content. The Times did likewise, but with less apparent success, with readers vocally opposing the change. The daily Independent ceased to be available in broadsheet format in May 2004, and The Times followed suit from November 2004; The Scotsman is also now published only in tabloid format. The Guardian switched to the "Berliner" or "midi" format found in some other European countries (slightly larger than a traditional tabloid) on 12 September 2005. The Courier-Mail, the only daily newspaper in Brisbane, Australia, also changed from broadsheet to tabloid format on March 13, 2006. The only Malaysian broadsheet, New Straits Times, also changed to tabloid in March 2005.
The main motivation cited for this shift is that commuters prefer papers which they can hold easily on public transport, and it is presumably hoped that other readers will also find the smaller formats more convenient. It remains to be seen how this shake-up will affect the usage of the term "broadsheet". Notably, the Daily Telegraph increased its lead in circulation over the The Times when the latter switched to compact size - this is attributed to the backlash of traditional broadsheet readers.

Broadsheets Switch to smaller sizes

Broadsheets Notable broadsheets

La Nación, the only broadsheet in the country Argentina

The Age, Melbourne (a planned move away from the broadsheet format was announced on 26 April 2007)[1]
The Australian, a national newspaper
The Canberra Times
The Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney (a planned move away from the broadsheet format was announced on 26 April 2007)[2]
Sunraysia Daily Australia
Almost all Brazilian newspapers are broadsheets, including major publications like:

O Globo, Rio de Janeiro
Jornal do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro (subscribers' edition-only since April 16, 2006, when the newsstand edition switched to Berliner)
Folha de S. Paulo, São Paulo
O Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil

The Globe and Mail
The National Post
Toronto Star
The Gazette, Montreal
La Presse, Montreal
Le Devoir, Montreal
The Ottawa Citizen, Ottawa
Winnipeg Free Press, Winnipeg
Halifax Chronicle-Herald
The Telegram, St. John's
The Edmonton Journal, Edmonton
The Calgary Herald, Calgary
The Vancouver Sun, Vancouver Canada

El Mercurio Chile

Jyllands-Posten
Politiken Denmark

Listín Diario
Hoy
La Información, Santiago de los Caballeros Dominican Republic

Helsingin Sanomat
Aamulehti
Turun Sanomat
Kaleva Finland

Die Zeit
Die Welt
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Germany

Kathimerini Greece
Almost all major newspapers in India are broadsheets. Tabloids are mostly found in small circulation local or rural papers.

The DNA
Deccan Herald
The Hindu
The Hindustan Times
The Indian Express
The Statesman
The Telegraph
The Times of India India

The Irish Times
The Irish Examiner
The Irish Independent Ireland

Haaretz
The Jerusalem Post Israel

La Stampa, Turin
Corriere della Sera, Milan Italy

de Volkskrant
NRC Handelsblad The Netherlands

The New Zealand Herald, Auckland
The Waikato Times, Hamilton
The Dominion Post, Wellington
The Press, Christchurch
The Otago Daily Times, Dunedin
The Taranaki Daily News, New Plymouth New Zealand

The News International
Daily Mail (Pakistan)
Dawn (newspaper)
The Star (Pakistan) Pakistan

El Comercio, Lima Peru

Philippine Daily Inquirer
The Philippine Star
Manila Bulletin
The Manila Times
The Daily Tribune (The most controversial Broadsheet, because of carrying more Anti-Arroyo Stories.) Philippines

Gazeta Wyborcza
Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)
Dziennik Poland

Expresso, Lisboa Portugal

Izvestia United Kingdom
Almost all major U.S. newspapers are broadsheets, including major publications like:

The Boston Globe
The Chicago Tribune
Houston Chronicle
Los Angeles Times
The New York Times
The Philadelphia Inquirer
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
USA Today
The Wall Street Journal
The Washington Post
The Kansas City Star
The Minneapolis Star Tribune
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

Friday, October 19, 2007


African religions · Atheists Bahá'ís · Buddhists · CatharsReligious intolerance Religion in China · Christians Hellenistic religions · Hindus · Jews Mormons · Muslims · Neopagans Rastafari · Sikhs Soviet Union policy towards religions Zoroastrians
Anti-clericalism · Censorship Genocide · Forced conversion War · Discrimination · Fascism Intolerance · Police · Terrorism Segregation · Violence · Abuse State atheism · State religion Dechristianisation in the French Revolution Revolt in the Vendee · Cristero War Red Terror · Red terror (Spain) Cultural Revolution · Reign of Terror Inquisition · Wars of Religion St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Khmer Rouge · Pontic tragedy · Kulturkampf Armenian Genocide · Assyrian Genocide History of Communist Albania Racism · Sexism · Ageism · Religious intolerance · Xenophobia
Social Heterosexism · Homophobia · Lesbophobia · Transphobia · Biphobia · Ableism · Sizeism · Heightism · Adultism · Gerontophobia · Misogyny · Misandry · Lookism · Classism · Elitism
Americans · Arabs · Armenians · Australians · Canadians · Catalans · Chinese · English · Europeans · French · Germans · Indians · Iranians · Irish · Italians · Japanese · Jews · Malay · Mexicans · Pakistanis · Poles · Portuguese · Quebecers · Roma · Romanians · Russians · Serbs · Turks
Atheism · Bahá'í · Catholicism · Christianity · Hinduism · Judaism · Mormonism · Islam · Neopaganism · Protestantism ·
Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching · Hate speech · Hate crime · Genocide · Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Pogrom · Race war · Religious persecution · Gay bashing · The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide · Blood libel · Black Legend · Paternalism · Ephebiphobia
Discriminatory Hate groups · Aryanism · Ku Klux Klan · Neo-Nazism · American Nazi Party · South African National Party · Kahanism · SupremacismReligious intolerance Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · LGBT rights · Women's/Universal suffrage · Feminism · Masculism Men's/Fathers rights Children's rights · Youth rights · Disability rights · Inclusion · Autistic rights · Equalism
Discriminatory Race/Religion/Sex segregation · Apartheid · Redlining · Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation · Civil rights · Desegregation · Integration Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action · Racial quota · Reservation · Reparations · Forced busing
Discriminatory Anti-miscegenation · Anti-immigration · Alien and Sedition Acts · Jim Crow laws · Black codes · Apartheid laws · Nuremberg Laws Anti-discriminatory List of anti-discrimination acts
Nepotism · Cronyism · Colorism · Linguicism · Ethnocentrism · Triumphalism · Adultcentrism · Isolationism · Gynocentrism · Androcentrism · Economic discrimination
Bigotry · Prejudice · Supremacism · Intolerance · Tolerance · Diversity · Multiculturalism · Political correctness · Reverse discrimination · Eugenics · Racialism · Speciesism
Religious intolerance is either intolerance motivated by one's own religious beliefs or intolerance against another's religious beliefs or practices. It manifests both at a cultural level, but may also be a formal part of the dogma of particular religious groups.
The mere statement on the part of a religion that its own beliefs and practices are correct and any contrary beliefs incorrect does not in itself constitute intolerance. There are many cases throughout history of established religions tolerating other practices. Religious intolerance, rather, is when a group (a society, a religious group) specifically refuses to tolerate practises, persons or beliefs on religious grounds.
Religious intolerance may be purely religious, but can be a "cover story" for an underlying political or cultural motive.

Contemporary attitude and practice

Thursday, October 18, 2007

Michael Brecker
Michael Brecker (March 29, 1949January 13th, 2007) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Acknowledged as "a quiet, gentle musician widely regarded as the most influential tenor saxophonist since John Coltrane," he won 13 Grammys as both performer and composer.

Michael Brecker Biography

Ben Ratliff. "Michael Brecker, 57, Grammy-Winning Jazz Saxophonist", New York Times, January 15, 2007, p. A17. 

Wednesday, October 17, 2007

Ron Todd
For Australian rules footballer see here.
Ronald Todd (March 11, 1927April 30, 2005), generally known as Ron Todd, was the general secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU), then the largest general trade union in the United Kingdom, from 1985 until 1992.
Todd was born in Walthamstow, London. His father was a stallholder in a local street market and Todd left school at the age of 14 to work in a barber's shop. He also worked as an assistant to a plumber before being conscripted into the Royal Marines in the last days of World War II. For a time he served alongside his father in the Marines and was posted to Hong Kong.
After completing his national service, Todd returned to plumbing and then worked in the Ford factory in Dagenham, where he joined the TGWU. He became a shop steward in 1955 and then deputy convenor, before becoming a full-time district officer in 1962 as local officer of the TGWU's Metal, Engineering and Chemical Group. In 1969, he became the first group secretary of the Region One Vehicle Building and Automotive Trade Group. He became regional secretary for Region One (London, the Southeast and East Anglia) in 1975, before being promoted to national organiser in March 1978.
After being elected to succeed Moss Evans as the union's seventh general secretary in 1985, following a second ballot, he was also named as an honorary vice-president of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Todd earned a reputation for his commitment to human rights and was a vocal opponent of apartheid in South Africa. He was succeeded as general secretary by Bill Morris.
Ron Todd died of leukaemia, from which he had been suffering for some time.