A photosynthetic reaction centre is a protein that is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. The reaction centre contains pigments such as chlorophyll and phaeophytin. These absorb light, promoting an electron to a higher energy level within the pigment. The free energy created is used to reduce an electron acceptor, and is critical for the production of chemical energy during photosynthesis.
Reaction centres are present in all green plants and in many bacteria and algae. Green plants have two reaction centres known as photosystem I and photosystem II and the structures of these centres are complex, involving a multisubunit protein. The reaction centre found in Rhodopseudomonas bacteria is currently better understood since it has fewer proteins than the examples in green plants.

Capturing light energy

Bacteria
The bacterial photosynthetic reaction centre has been an important model to understand the structure and chemistry of the biological process of capturing light energy. In the 1960s, Roderick Clayton was the first to purify the reaction centre complex from purple bacteria. However, the first crystal structure was determined by Hartmut Michel, Johann Deisenhofer and Robert Huber for which they shared the Nobel Prize in 1988. This was also significant since it was the first structure for any membrane protein complex.
Four different subunits were found to be important for the function of the photosynthetic reaction centre. The L and M subunits, shown in blue and purple in the image of the structure both span the plasma membrane. They are structurally similar to one another, both having 5 transmembrane polypeptide helices. Four bacteriochlorophyll b (BChl-b) molecules, two bacteriophaeophytin b molecules (BPh) molecules, two quinones (Q_A and Q_B), and a ferrous ion are associated with the L and M subunits. The H subunit, shown in gold, lies on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. A cytochrome subunit, shown in green, contains four c-type hemes and is located on the periplasmic surface (outer) of the membrane.
The reaction centre contains two pigments that serve to collect and transfer the energy from photon absorption: BChb and Bph. BChb roughly resembles the chlorophyll molecule found in green plants, but due to minor structural differences, its peak absorption wavelength is shifted into the infrared, with wavelengths as long as 1000nm. Bph has the same structure as BChb, but the central magnesium ion is replaced by two protons.

Structure
The process starts when light is absorbed by two BChl-b molecules that lie near the periplasmic side of the membrane. This pair of chlorophyll molecules, often called the "special pair", absorbs photons at roughly 960nm, and thus is called P960 (with P standing for "pigment"). Once P960 absorbs a photon it ejects an electron, which is transferred through another molecule of Bchl to the BPh in the L subunit. This initial charge separation yields a positive charge on P960 and a negative charge on the BPh. This process takes place in 10 picoseconds (10 is reduced to P960) from a heme in the cytochrome subunit above the reaction centre.
The high-energy electron which resides on the tightly bound quinone molecule Q_A is transferred to an exchangeable quinone molecule Q_B. This molecule is loosely associated with the protein and is fairly easy to detach. Two of the high-energy electrons are required to fully reduce Q_B to QH₂ taking up two protons from the cytoplasm in the process. The reduced quinone QH₂ diffuses through the membrane to another protein complex (cytochrome bc₁-complex) where it is oxidised. In the process the reducing power of the QH₂ is used to pump protons across the membrane to the periplasmic space. The electrons from the cytochrome bc₁-complex are then transferred through a soluble cytochrome c intermediate, called cytochrome c₂, in the periplasm to the cytochrome subunit. Thus, the flow of electrons in this system is cyclical.

Green plants
In 1772, the chemist Joseph Priestly carried out a series of experiments relating to the gasses involved in respiration and combustion. In his first experiment, he lit a candle and placed it under an upturned jar. After a short period of time, the candle burned out. He carried out a similar experiment with a mouse in the confined space of the burning candle. He found that the mouse died a short time after the candle had been extinguished. However, he could revivify the foul air by placing green plants in the area and exposing them to light. Priestly's observations were some of the first experiments that demonstrated the activity of a photosynthetic reaction centre.
In 1779, Jan Ingenhousz carried out more than 500 experiments spread out over 4 months in an attempt to understand what was really going on. He wrote up his discoveries in a book entitled 'Experiments upon Vegetables'. Ingenhousz took green plants and immersed them in water inside a transparent tank. He observed many bubbles rising from the surface of the leaves whenever the plants were exposed to light. Ingenhousz collected the gas which was given off by the plants and performed several different tests in attempt to determine what the gas was. The test which finally revealed the identity of the gas was placing a smoldering taper into the gas sample and having it relight. This test proved it was oxygen, or as Joseph Priestly had called it, 'de-phlogisticated air'.
In 1932, Professor Robert Emerson and an undergraduate student, William Arnold, used a repetitive flash technique to precisely measure small quantities of oxygen evolved by chlorophyll in the algae Chlorella. Their experiment proved the existence of a photosynthetic unit. Gaffron and Wohl later interpreted the experiment and realized that the light absorbed by the photosynthetic unit was transferred.

Oxygenic photosynthesis
Photosystem II is the photosystem that generates the electron that will eventually reduce NADP. Manganese also forms strong bonds with oxygen-containing molecules such as water.
Every time the P680 absorbs a photon, it emits an electron, gaining a positive charge. This charge is neutralized by the extraction of an electron from the manganese centre which sits directly below it. The process of oxidizing two molecules of water requires four electrons. The water molecules which are oxidized in the manganese centre are the source of the electrons which reduce the two molecules of Q to QH₂.

Photosystem I

Light harvesting complex
Photosynthesis
Photosystem
Phycobilisome

Jean-Sébastien "Jiggy" Giguère (born May 16, 1977, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a French Canadian professional hockey goaltender currently playing for the National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks. He was drafted 13th overall by the Hartford Whalers in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. He has played for the Verdun Collège-Français, Halifax Mooseheads, Hartford Whalers, Saint John Flames, Calgary Flames, Cincinnati Mighty Ducks and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.

NHL career
After brief and overall-mediocre stints in the Hartford and Calgary organizations, Giguere was traded by the Flames to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim for a 2nd round selection in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. He began the 2000-01 season with the Ducks' farm team in Cincinnati, until he was recalled to their parent club for 34 games. After working with famous goalie coach François Allaire, Giguere regained the confidence he showed in juniors and quickly became Anaheim's newest starter. In the 2002-03 season, "Jiggy" enjoyed the best season of his NHL career-to-date, with 34 wins, a .920 save percentage and an impressive 8 shutouts.

NHL beginnings
During the 2003 Stanley Cup Playoffs, Giguere led the Mighty Ducks to the Stanley Cup Finals, where they lost in seven games to the New Jersey Devils. He won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player of the playoffs for his efforts in series wins against the Detroit Red Wings, Dallas Stars and Minnesota Wild and pushing the Finals to the seven game limit. He was a perfect 7-0 in overtime, setting a record for longest amount of playoff overtime played without allowing a goal at 168 minutes, 27 seconds, including multiple overtime victories in Game 1 of each of the first three series. He also held the Wild to an all-time best-of-7 series low of one goal in the entire Western Conference Finals, posting a shutout streak of 217 minutes, 54 seconds during that series. He finished with a 15-6 record, a 1.62 Goals Against Average and .945 Save Percentage (the best of all playoff goaltenders that year), and fewer losses than his Finals counterpart Martin Brodeur. He was the fifth player to receive the Conn Smythe Trophy playing for the losing team, the first since Philadelphia's Ron Hextall in 1987.

2003 Playoffs
After being rewarded with a large contract in the off-season, Giguère was inconsistent throughout much of the 2003-04 season as the Ducks missed the playoffs. Some hockey pundits speculated that he may have been rattled by coming so close to winning the Stanley Cup the previous season, yet ultimately failing.
After the lockout canceled the 2004-05 season, Giguere returned for the '05-'06 season and appeared to have regained a level of play approaching his 2003 glory. One incident, though, almost proved damaging for him. On January 25, 2006, Anaheim was playing against the Oilers at the Arrowhead Pond, the Ducks' home arena. Ryan Smyth of Edmonton was chirping Giguere consistently. He already drew one minor penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. When Smyth scored a goal off of a feed from Shawn Horcoff, Giguere got angry. The next time that he saw Smyth in the crease, Giguere tripped Smyth. When Smyth stood back up, he got pushed in the face by the disgruntled goalie. These two minor penalties, which were going to be served by Anaheim forward Samuel Pahlsson, were not enough. When an official led Smyth away, he gave a challenge signal to Giguere, who then charged at Smyth and knocked him down onto the ice. It resulted in a ten-minute misconduct. Giguere was awarded a total of 14 penalty minutes for the incident, and 16 PIM in total.
In April 2006, he and the Ducks again entered the Stanley Cup Playoffs, but were eliminated in the Western Finals by the Edmonton Oilers. Giguere appeared in just 4 games before being replaced in net by Russian rookie Ilya Bryzgalov. With the first round series on the line, management seemed to have lost faith in Jiggy. In fact, Giguere's club record of consecutive playoff shutout minutes was broken by his backup's surprising string of three consecutive shutouts. His overtime playoff shutout record however was extended to 8-0 but was ended April 27, 2007 in the second overtime against the Canucks.
Facing the prospect of being an unrestricted free agent at the end of the 2006-2007 season, Giguère started out hot and won his starting role back. In the first month of the season, October 2006, he did not lose a single game in regulation. He proceeded to put up the best numbers of his career, finishing with a record of 36-10-7.
Giguere won the Stanley Cup in a 6-2 game five win against the Ottawa Senators on June 6, 2007.
The size of Giguere's goalie pads caused minor controversy: Brett Hull said "Giguere's equipment in the Finals (...) looked a little suspect" and an unidentified member of the Ottawa Senators said "he looked huge out there".
On June 21, 2007 the club announced that the team had agreed to a multi-year contact with Giguere, keeping their Cup-winning starting goalie.

Recent years

July 8, 1995 - Drafted by the Hartford Whalers in the 1st round, 13th overall.
June 25, 1997 - Rights transferred to the Carolina Hurricanes when the Hartford Whalers relocated.
August 27, 1997 - Traded to the Calgary Flames with Andrew Cassels for Gary Roberts and Trevor Kidd.
June 10, 2001 - Traded to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim for a 2nd round pick in 2000 (Matt Pettinger).
June 21, 2007 - Signed a 4 year $24 million contract with the Anaheim Ducks. Transactions

1997 QMJHL Second All-Star Team
1998 Hap Holmes Memorial Award (AHL) - shared with Tyler Moss as the goalies with 25+ GP for the team with the lowest GAA
2003 Conn Smythe Trophy
2007 Stanley Cup Champion Awards/Honors

Regular season

Trivia

Czernina (from the Polish word czarny - black; sometimes also Czarnina or Czarna polewka) is a Polish soup made of duck's blood and clear poultry broth. In English it is referred to as Duck Blood Soup.
Generally the sweet and sour taste of the soup comes from the addition of sugar and vinegar. However, there are hundreds of recipes popular in different parts of Poland and Lithuania. Among the ingredients used are plum or pear syrup, dried pears, plums or cherries, apple vinegar and honey. Like most Polish soups, czernina is usually served with fine noodles, macaroni or boiled potatoes.
Until the 19th century czernina was also a symbol in Polish culture. It was served to young men applying for the hand of their beloved ones after the parents rejected their proposal. It is a plot element in Pan Tadeusz, a famous Polish epic poem by Adam Mickiewicz.
It is also be a regional dish in Kaszuby and Poznań.

Usage and settings
The modern Cypriot dialect is not an evolution of the ancient Arcadocypriot dialect, but evolved from Koine. Cyprus was cut off from the rest of the Greek-speaking world from the 7th to the 10th century A.D due to Arab attacks. It was reintegrated in the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century to be isolated again in 1191 when it fell to the hands of crusaders. This isolation developed a lot of linguistic characteristics distinct from Byzantine Greek.
The legislation of the Kingdom of Cyprus in the Middle Ages was written in the dialect. Other important medieval works are the chronicles of Leontios Makhairas and George Boustronios, as well as a collection of sonnets in the manner of Francesco Petrarca.
In the past hundred years, the dialect has been used in poetry, major poets being Vasilis Michaelides and Dimitris Lipertis. It is also traditionally used for folk songs and poetry, including τσιαττιστά (battle poetry, a form of Playing the dozens) and the tradition of ποιητάρηες (bards). More recently it has been used in Reggae by Hadji Mike and rap by several Cypriot hip hop groups.DNA (Dimiourgoi Neas Antilipsis) a hiphop group from Cypriot released an album named "sihnotites" with 2 tracks in Cypriot. (See also Music of Cyprus).
Locally produced television shows, usually comedies or soap operas, make use of the dialect.

History and literature

Technical characteristics

Double consonants preserved the stressed pronunciation of Ancient Greek.

• Double unvoiced plosives (ττ, ππ, κκ) are pronounced aspirated ([t] depending on the succeeding vowel).
  The rest of the double consonants are pronounced as geminates. (e.g. λλ as [lː], μμ as [mː], etc.)
  Extreme "palatalization" of Greek velars to palato-alveolars when followed by the front vowels [e] and [i] and the semivowel [j]. It should be noted that Standard Greek pronunciation exhibits true palatalization of velars to palatals ([k] > [c] and [x] > [ç]). The palato-alveolars in Cypriot Greek can be found both as affricates ([tʃ]) and fricatives ([ʃ]):
  
  
  
  1. The "palatalalization" of kappa (κάππα), i.e. κ > κ̌: Standard Greek [c] becomes a soft affricate [tʃ]. This sound is usually represented with τζι or the more correct κ̌. For example, Standard Greek καί [ce] meaning and becomes Cypriot Greek τζιαί or κ̌αί [tʃe]. Also Standard Greek εκείνος [e'cinos] becomes Cypriot Greek κ̌είνος ['tʃinos]. Note however this is not a hard and fast rule (counter-examples include loans from Standard Greek: κηδεία, κέρδος, άκυρο, ρακέττα).
     The "palatalalization" of chi (χι), i.e. χ > χ̌: Similarly Standard Greek [ç] becomes [ʃ]. This sound is usually represented with σι or the more correct χ̌. For example, Standard Greek χέρι ['çeri] meaning hand becomes Cypriot Greek σιέρι or χ̌έρι ['ʃeri].
     While the σι spelling is common, it presupposes a following vowel: σιέρι = <sjeri>. Word-finally and before a consonant (in loan words), σι cannot be used: /paʃ/ < Turkish baş, "main", cannot be spelled as πάσι, since that will be interpreted as [pasi]. Since diacritics are not used outside linguistics, Cypriots will frequently recourse to English sh instead: παsh.
     Voicing of φ, θ and χ (aspirated consonants in Ancient Greek) before liquids and nasals, to β, δ and γ respectively. (e.g. γρόνος (Cypriot dialect) instead of χρόνος (Modern Greek) (= year), άδρωπος (Cypriot dialect) instead of άνθρωπος (Modern Greek) (= human)).This process is partially reversed in younger speakers due to the influence of Standard Greek.
     Deletion of β, δ, γ, voiced Intervocalic fricatives; e.g. κοπελλούδιν > κοππελούιν "little child". In linguistic texts, the deleted fricative is sometimes put in brackets for clarity: κοππελού(δ)ιν.
     /x/ > /θ/: e.g. άνθρωπος > άχρωπος "human"
     Defrication of [ʝ]/[ç] that function as semi-vowels in Modern Greek to [c] with most of the time modification of the preceding consonant. (e.g. ποιός [pços] in Standard Greek would be pronounced as πκοιός [pcos], σπίτια ['spitça] in Standard Greek would be pronounced as σπίθκια ['spiθca]). This is carried further in some parts of Cyprus where speakers use e.g. πσοιός [pʃos]
     External sandhi rules for word-final nasal consonants:
     
     
     
     • /n/ before bilabials becomes [m]: e.g. τον παπαγάλον [tom bapa'ɣalon] the parrot (acc.).
       /n/ before velars becomes [ŋ]: e.g. την κρατικήν [tiŋ grati'kin] the governmental (acc.).
       Standard Greek sandhi rules for word-final [n] do not apply to Cypriot Greek; the /n/ is used much more frequently in Cypriot Greek. Phonology
       Note: The incorporation of this particular type of Turkish morphology is also found in Standard Greek, however as the suffix -λίκι. Cypriot Greek used two κ to phonologically imitate the aspirated k of Turkish.
       
       Present participles ending in -οντα instead of Modern Greek -οντας.
       Archaisms such as the use of infinitives as nouns (e.g. το δειν, the gaze)
       In slang the Turkish derivational suffix -lik, added as -λίκκι(ν), is used to transform a concrete noun to an abstract noun as noted here. For example: "ο πρόεδρος" (the president) becomes "το προεδριλίκκι" (the presidency).
       

       Note: The incorporation of this particular type of Turkish morphology is also found in Standard Greek, however as the suffix -λίκι. Cypriot Greek used two κ to phonologically imitate the aspirated k of Turkish.

       
       
       The suffixes -ούης/-ούα/-ούι(ν) for masculine, feminine and neuter respectively, are used to derive diminutives of nouns, in place of Standard Greek -άκης/-ίτσα/-άκι. The Cypriot Greek suffixes derive from the original -ούδης/-ούδα/-ούδι(ν) with the drop of Intervocalic δ. Morphology
       
       The Modern Cypriot lexicon contains loanwords mostly from Italian, Provençal, Turkish and English, and other languages, as well as words unique to Cyprus. Thus typically non Muslim speakers use standard Muslim expressions such as i(n)shalla(h) or mashalla(h) which have become part of the vocabulary.
       The Cypriot lexicon also contains Ancient Greek vocabulary which is no longer used in Standard Greek. Example: Συντυχάννω/λαλώ (talk). Syntax
       
       Beaudouin, M. 1884: Étude du dialecte chypriote moderne et medieval [Study of the Modern and Medieval Cypriot Dialect] (Paris).
       Horrocks, G. 1997: Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers (London), ελλ. μτφ. υπό Μ. Σταύρου & Μ. Τζεβελέκου (Αθήνα 2006).
       Thumb, A. 1909: Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte [Handbook of Greek Dialects] (Heidelberg).
       Κοντοσόπουλος, Ν. 1994(2): Διάλεκτοι και Ιδιώματα της Νέας Ελληνικής [Dialects and Properties of Neo-Hellenic] (Αθήνα).
       Μενάρδος, Σ. 1969: Γλωσσικαί Μελέται [Language Studies] (Λευκωσία).
       Μηνάς, Κ. 1987: «Αφομοίωση του ερρίνου με τους άηχους κλειστούς φθόγγους στην ελληνική γλώσσα» [Assimilation of Nasal with Silent Closed Sounds in the Greek Language] ― Πρακτικά Β΄ Διεθνούς Κυπριολογικού Συνεδρίου, τόμ. 3, σελ. 253-283 (Λευκωσία).
       Μηνάς, Κ. 2000: «Φωνητικά και ετυμολογικά τής Κυπριακής διαλέκτου» [Phonetics and Etymologies of the Cypriot Dialect] ― Νεοελληνική Διαλεκτολογία 3, σελ. 151-188
       Newton, B. 1972: Cypriot Greek. Its phonology and inflexion (The Hague: Mouton).
       Παντελίδης, Χ. 1929: Φωνητική των Νεοελληνικών Ιδιωμάτων Κύπρου, Δωδεκανήσου και Ικαρίας [Phonetics of Neo-Hellenic Dialects of Cyprus, Dodecanese, and Icaria] (Αθήνα).
       Χατζηιωάννου, Κ. 1996: Ετυμολογικό Λεξικό τής Ομιλουμένης Κυπριακής Διαλέκτου [Etymological Dictionary of the Spoken Cypriot Dialect] (Λευκωσία).
       Χατζηιωάννου, Κ. 1999: Γραμματική τής Ομιλουμένης Κυπριακής Διαλέκτου [Grammar of the Spoken Cypriot Dialect] (Λευκωσία).
       Χριστοδούλου, Μ. 1970: "Περί των διαλεκτικών ζωνών εν τη νέα Ελληνική γλώσση και της θέσεως της κυπριακής διαλέκτου εν αυταίς" [The Position of the Cypriot Dialect within the Dialectical Zones of the Neo-Hellenic Language] - Επετηρίς Κέντρου Επιστημονικών Ερευνών Κύπρου, τόμ. 3, σελ. 119-138.

"Vast Right-Wing Conspiracy" was a phrase used by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton in 1998 in defense of her husband President Bill Clinton and his administration during the Lewinsky scandal, characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Clinton political enemies.

The Today Show interview
Hillary Clinton was referring to the Arkansas Project.

Context
Hillary Clinton's allegations included attacks against independent counsel Kenneth Starr, whom she claimed routinely leaked information damaging to her husband. Starr challenged these allegations in the federal courts, which found no evidence of any such leaks.

Left analysis
David Brock, a conservative-turned-liberal pundit, has said he himself was once a party to an effort to dredge up a scandal against Clinton. In 1993 Brock, then of the American Spectator, was the first to report Paula Jones' claims. As Brock explained in Blinded by the Right, after learning more about the events and conservative payments surrounding Paula Jones he personally apologized to the Clintons. He documented his experience in Blinded by the Right: The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative, wherein he alleged that Arkansas state troopers had taken money in exchange for testimony against Clinton which Brock had published in a previous book. Adam Curtis also discusses the concept in his documentary series The Power of Nightmares. Brock has confirmed Clinton's claim that there was a "Right wing conspiracy" to smear her husband, quibbling only with the characterization of it as "vast", since Brock contends that it was orchestrated mainly by a few powerful people.
Claims have also been made against Republican supporter and billionaire Richard Mellon Scaife, whom former Clinton White House Counsel Lanny Davis once claimed was using his money "to destroy a president of the United States." Scaife claims to be public about his political spending (q.v. [1]). CNN stated in a study the news outlet conducted on Scaife, "If it's a conspiracy, it's a pretty open one."[2]
Hillary Clinton later said in her 2003 autobiography that, "Looking back, I see that I might have phrased my point more artfully, but I stand by the characterization of Starr's investigation [regardless of the truth about Lewinsky]."

Scribal abbreviations (sigla) were abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in Latin.

History
The use of abbreviations is due, in part, to exigencies arising from the nature of the materials employed in the making of records, whether stone, marble, bronze, or parchment. Lapidaries, engravers, and copyists were under the same necessity of making the most of the space at their disposal. Such abbreviations, indeed, were seldom met with at the beginning of the Christian era when material of all kinds was plentiful and there was consequently no need to be sparing in the use of it. By the third or fourth century, however, it had grown to be scarce and costly, and it became the artist's aim to inscribe long texts on surfaces of somewhat scanty proportions.
The Romans possessed an alphabet known by the name of Notae Tironienses (Tironian notes), which served the same purpose as our modern systems of stenography. Its use necessitated a special course of study and there is still much uncertainty as to the significance of the characters employed. Inscriptions cut in stone make the most frequent use of abbreviations. At certain late periods - for example in Spain in the Middle Ages, this custom becomes abused to such an extent as to result in the invention of symbols which are undecipherable.
Scribal abbreviations have entered the news in the twenty-first century because the recently revived Scottish Parliament needs to find out what the old codes of Scottish law written in Latin say. Those who have learned Latin without having also learned Latin palaeography find these abbreviations incomprehensible. At a recent count, there were well over fourteen thousand abbreviations.

This is a List of military engagements of World War I which encompasses land, naval, and air engagements as well as campaigns, operations, defensive lines and sieges. Campaigns generally refer to broader strategic operations conducted over a large bit of territory and over a long period of time. Battles generally refer to short periods of intense combat localised to a specific area and over a specific period of time. However, use of the terms in naming such events is not consistent. For example, the First Battle of the Atlantic was more or less an entire theatre of war, and the so-called battle lasted for the duration of the entire war. Another example is the Battle of Gallipoli (also called the "Dardanelles Campaign"), which in fact was a number of battles fought between 1915 and 1916.

Europe
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918

Battle of Liège
Battle of the Frontiers
Battle of Lorraine
Battle of Charleroi, also known as the First Battle of the Sambre
Battle of the Ardennes
Allied Great Retreat
Battle of Mons
Battle of St. Quentin, also called the Battle of Guise
First Battle of the Marne
Race to the Sea
First Battle of the Aisne
Battle of Loos
First Battle of Albert
First Battle of Arras
Battle of the Yser
Siege of Antwerp
Siege of Namur
Siege of Maubeuge
Battle of Le Cateau
First Battle of Ypres
First Battle of Champagne
Battle of Neuve Chapelle
Second Battle of Ypres
Second Battle of Artois
Battle of Loos
Second Battle of Champagne
Battle of Verdun
Battle of Hulluch
Battle of the Somme
Battle of Fromelles
Battle of Pozières
Battle of Ginchy
Nivelle Offensive
Battle of Arras (1917)
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne
Battle of Messines
Battle of Passchendaele, also called the Third Battle of Ypres
Battle of Cambrai (1917)
German Spring Offensive
First Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Battle of St. Quentin or the Second Battle of the Somme (to distinguish it from the 1916 battle)
Battle of the Lys, also known as the Fourth Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Estaires
Third Battle of the Aisne
Battle of Cantigny
Battle of Belleau Wood
Second Battle of the Marne
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Hundred Days Offensive
Battle of Amiens
Second Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Third Battle of the Somme
Battle of Saint-Mihiel
Battle of Epéhy
Battle of the Hindenburg Line
Meuse-Argonne Offensive, also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest
Battle of Cambrai (1918)
Battle of the Sambre (1918), also known as the Second Battle of the Sambre Western Front

First Battle of the Isonzo
Second Battle of the Isonzo
Third Battle of the Isonzo
Fourth Battle of the Isonzo
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo
Trentino Offensive or the "Battle of Asiago"
Sixth Battle of the Isonzo or the "Battle of Gorizia"
Seventh Battle of the Isonzo
Eighth Battle of the Isonzo
Ninth Battle of the Isonzo
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo
Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo
Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo or the "Battle of Caporetto"
Battle of the Piave River
Battle of Vittorio Veneto Italian Campaign

Battle of Stalluponen
Battle of Gumbinnen
Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Lemberg (1914)
First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Siege of Przemysl
Battle of the Vistula River
Battle of Łódź (1914)
Battle of Bolimov
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Battle of Warsaw (1915)
Brusilov Offensive
Kerensky Offensive
Battle of Mărăşti
Battle of Mărăşeşti
Russian Revolution Eastern Front

Battle of Sarikamis
Battle of Malazgirt (1915)
Battle of Kara Killisse
Battle of Koprukoy
Battle of Erzurum
Battle of Erzincan Caucasus Campaign

Battle of Cer
Battle of Kolubara
Battle of Morava
Battle of Kosovo (1915)
Battle of Ovche Pole Serbian Campaign
The Battle of Gallipoli (also called the "Dardanelles Campaign"), was in fact a number of battles fought between 1915 and 1916.

Battle of the Nek
Battle of Chunuk Bair
Battle of Gully Ravine
Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)
Battle of Krithia Vineyard
Battle of Lone Pine
Battle of Sari Bair
Battle of Scimitar Hill
Landing at Anzac Cove
Landing at Cape Helles
First Battle of Krithia
Second Battle of Krithia
Third Battle of Krithia
Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign Gallipoli

Sinai and Palestine Campaign

Fao Landing
Fall of Basra
Battle of Qurna
Capture of Amara
Battle of Nasiriyeh
Battle of Es Sinn
Battle of Ctesiphon
Siege of Kut

• Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad
  Battle of the Wadi
  Battle of Hanna
  Battle of Dujaila Redoubt
  First Battle of Kut
  Battle of Khanaqin
  Second Battle of Kut
  Fall of Baghdad
  Samarrah Offensive
  Battle of Jebel Hamlin
  Battle of Istabulat
  Battle of Ramadi
  Capture of Tikrit
  Battle of Sharqat Mesopotamian Campaign
  None currently listed
  
  South Arabian Campaign
  
  Fall of Cameroon
  Fall of German West Africa (Namibia)
  Battle of Killimanjaro
  Fall of Togo
  Battle of Tanga or Battle of the Bees
  Battle of Ruji Delta
  Battle of Longido African Campaign
  See also: Naval warfare of World War I
  
  Naval engagements
  
  First Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)
  Battle of the Falkland Islands (1914)
  Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby (1914)
  Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)
  Otranto Barrage (1915-1918)
  Battle of Jutland (1916)
  Battle of Dover Strait (1917)
  Second Battle of Heligoland Bight (1917)
  Zeebrugge Raid (1918) Atlantic Theatre
  
  Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau (1914)
  Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (1915-1916) Mediterranean
  
  Battle of Friju Island (1914)
  Battle of New Guinea (Kaiser Wilhelmland)
  Battle of Tsingtao (1914)
  Battle of Penang (1914)
  Battle of Coronel (1914)
  Battle of Cocos (1914)
  Battle of the Falkland Islands (1914) Pacific Theatre
  World War I was the first war to see major use of planes for offensive, defensive and reconnaissance operations, and both the Entente Powers and the Central Powers used planes extensively. Almost as soon as they were invented, planes were drafted for military service.
  See also the following articles:
  
  Aviation in World War I
  Aviation history (1914-1918)
  Flying aces
  List of World War I flying aces
  World War I aircraft
  Zeppelins in World War I Contemporary wars
  
  Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)
  First Balkan War (1912-13)
  Second Balkan War (1913)
  Maritz Rebellion (1914-15)
  Easter Rising (1916)